Schon's Theory of Reflection and Learning

Donald Schön proposed two stages of reflection to aid learning: ‘Knowledge-in-action’ which is the application of tacit knowledge (that which is embedded and intuitive to an individual) to a specific problem.

This is used as ‘reflection in action’ whilst the activity is being undertaken, essentially being the ability to ‘think on your feet’, making adjustments as you go, to improve the activity being undertaken.

Later on, once the activity has been completed and more time is available a ‘reflection on action’ can be undertaken, and where appropriate, this could involve a review, analysis, evaluation and recommendation/s for improvements for more efficient and effective practices.

Reflective practice is a cornerstone of continuous professional development and a driver for lifelong learning.