Krantz Anatomy

An arrangement of two rings of cells which surround a vascular bundle in a C4 plant. The inner ring is called the bundle sheath cells, which are parenchyma cells and have many chloroplasts (without grana) whilst the outer ring are mesophyll cells which have fewer chloroplasts. (but with grana).

  Lamina

A flat part of a plant, typically a leaf, which is often the main photosynthetic region of a plant.

  Lime

A general term for materials which contain calcium. The main material used for applying to soil and turf situations where soil pH is to be made less acidic is ground limestone (which is also called chalk), with the main chemical composition being calcium carbonate. The disadvantage of using lime materials on turfgrass surfaces, is that it can encourage a less hard-wearing surface, which is prone to invasion by coarser grasses and weeds, as well as increasing the potential for disease attack.

  Liming

The application of a lime-based product to a turf or soil surface.

  Line Transect

This is used to measure areas where there may be a significant change in the distribution of plant species. Recordings are made at specified intervals (e.g. 1 metre) along the line (using string, rope or a tape measure) where plants touch the line at the interval point. Advantages • Quick and cheap way of collecting data. • Particularly useful where there are distinct plant differences, e.g. embankments, rocky shores. • Suitable for thinly populated areas. Disadvantages • Sampling design may not be representative of vegetation, as the line can readily miss area.

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  Linnaeus, Carl

Swedish scientist (1707 – 1778) who formalised the naming of plants using binomial nomenclature, originally with his publication of Species Planatarum (The Species of Plants) in 1753. The author of a named plant is abbreviated after the scientific name of a plant, for example Poa annua L. indicates that the author who named this plant is Linnaeus, for which he has been the authority for many species’ names.

  Longevity

The lifetime of a surface or product.

  Macrobiota

An ecological community of large, with individuals being greater than 2mm in diameter; animals called Macrofauna, which is divided into Vertebrates (such as moles) and invertebrates (such as earthworms), and plant features (which can be clearly seen with the naked eye) called Macroflora.

  Macrofauna

Animals larger than 2mm in body size diameter; so this includes pests such as Grey Squirrels; Rabbits; Foxes; Leatherjackets; Chafer Grubs, as well as beneficial organisms such as Earthworms. This term is also referred to as Macro-organism.

  Macroflora

Plants and their features which can be easily seen by the naked eye.