Soils and drainage

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An aggregate of soil particles that forms a distinct visible soil feature through natural processes (see also ‘Clod’). There are several types of soil ped, which might be grouped as follows (although different groupings can be found in soil science literature): 1. Blocky. 2. Platy (also called Laminar). 3. Column like (sub-divided in Prismatic and Columnar) 4. Granular (sub-divided into Granular and Crumb, often prefixed with Spheroidal).

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A term used to describe the process of soil formation.

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A clay soil which is prone to significant cracking.

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The rate at which water moves, or passes, through a soil.

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A tile, cellular crate, raft system acting as a drainage layer, as well as for water storage, which allows for passive irrigation to take place. Rootzone material is installed on top of the raft; a 200mm depth instead of a 300mm depth on high profile sand pitch constructions can significantly reduce quantities required, yet still provide for suitable playing conditions. Liverpool FC new pitch construction in 2017 was the first in the UK to utilise the Permavoid raft system. In 2021 the major clubs of Leeds Utd FC and Leicester City FC also had their pitches fully reconstructed and a new Permavoid system installed.

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The ability of a material to allow water to pass through it.

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Soil pH can influence the relative availability of plant nutrients, micro-organisms and earthworm activity within a soil. The general and relative amount of availability or activity for the range of macro-nutrients, micro-nutrients and organism can be estimated as follows:

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A weathering process which causes the disintegration of rocks, without chemical interactions. This is also termed mechanical weathering. Physical weathering can result from several actions, including: • Abrasion, which wears down the surface of rocks and minerals. This can result from the action of sand particles in wind, or the erosion of riverbanks or beds being worn away due to stones, sand, or other materials, being carried by moving water. • Freezing of water expands the cracks in rocks where the water is present. The subsequent thawing of the ice relieves the pressure, but with r

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A plastic drainage pipe which has been installed in a drainage trench, especially within a pipe drained pitch.

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Drainage pipe which has typically been installed into a soil-based pitch. The diameter of the pipe will vary, but 60mm diameter is typical. The spacing of the pipes will vary, but 5 metres up to 10 metres is typical. Drainage pipes will usually be connected to wider diameter perimeter pipes, typically being 80 to 100mm in diameter. The 60mm pipes joining onto perimeter drains are termed lateral pipes. Pipe drains are installed at the base of a dug trench, which is typically 600mm deep, and then backfilled with gravel, or similar material, to a depth of 200mm from the surface. A 50mm coarse sa

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