Soils and drainage

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The topsoil layer which supports good grass growth; but primarily this refers to a specified material which is used in the construction of a turf surface. The root zone is typically from 100 to 300mm in depth. It may also just refer to the extent of the depth of where the roots are mainly located within a soil.

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The forced changing, by specialist air pump machinery, which is typically connected to the drainage system, of soil gases with atmospheric gases to refresh rootzone air composition. Rootzone air (as well as moisture) can be pulled down, by creating a vacuum, through the profile and removed from the pitch. By contrast, the air pump can blow fresh air into the soil profile via the drainage pipe system. An example of this system is provided by SubAir.

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The gradual but uniform gradient (or fall) between two points. This is usually needed in setting out and levelling of ground, with the use of boning rods or laser level and pegs to determine the gradual slope to be desired. If a fall of 1:100 is required and the spacing of pegs is to be at say 3m then the running level will see a subsequent peg 3cm lower (as 3cm is 1/100th of 300cm/3m) than the previous peg. The running level will continue for the length of the area being levelled, so for example, if the total length is 100m then the difference in height from the first peg to the last peg (aft

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A soil which contains a high concentration of chemical elements (called salts). The concentration of these salts will adversely affect the growth of most plants. Saline soils are those which have an electrical conductivity of greater than either 2 or 4 deci-siemens (the depends upon the classification used). The salts within a saline soil are typically the chlorides and sulphates of sodium, calcium and magnesium. Saline soils are typically found in saltmarsh environments, with relatively high concentrations of sodium chloride being present (due to salt water).

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A granular material that varies significantly in size. Sand grains can also be described according to their roundness and sphericity. Sand size ranges vary according to the scale used: The International Scale, or the US (known as Udden¯Wentworth) scale.

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A rootzone of sand, typically to a firmed depth of 100mm. This is overlaid onto a pipe-drained and slit-drained topsoil.

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Very narrow slits of sand, typically 13mm wide and up to 100mm in depth. They will typically be spaced at 200mm centres.

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See Sand.

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Narrow slits of sand, typically 18mm wide and up to 230mm in depth. They will typically be spaced at up to 1-metre centres.

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An area that has been excavated, pipe-drained, a 100mm or so gravel base or raft installed; then it is overlaid with a sandy grit blinding layer to a depth of 50mm; and then finally topped with about 250mm of firmed sand.